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Writer's pictureMichael Athill

The Science Behind Cannabis: Decoding Cannabinoids and Terpenes for a Deeper Understanding


Lab worker with cannabis

Cannabis, often referred to as the "green frontier," is a complex plant with a rich tapestry of compounds that contribute to its diverse effects. Central to this complexity are cannabinoids and terpenes, the chemical compounds responsible for the distinctive characteristics and therapeutic potential of the plant. In this exploration, we'll delve into the basics of cannabinoids such as THC and CBD, unravel the influence of terpenes, and uncover the fascinating entourage effect that occurs when these compounds interact.


Understanding Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are chemical compounds unique to the cannabis plant, with over 100 identified to date. Two of the most well-known cannabinoids are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Growing in popularity are Cannabigerol (CBG), and Cannabinol (CBN).


1. THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol):

  • THC is the psychoactive compound in cannabis responsible for the "high" or euphoric feeling.

  • It interacts with the CB1 receptors in the brain and central nervous system, leading to altered perception, mood, and coordination.

  • Beyond recreational use, THC also has therapeutic properties, including pain relief, appetite stimulation, and nausea reduction.


2. CBD (Cannabidiol):

  • Unlike THC, CBD is non-psychoactive and does not produce a "high."

  • CBD interacts with various receptors in the body's endocannabinoid system, influencing pain perception, mood, and immune response.

  • It is known for its potential therapeutic benefits, including anti-anxiety, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic effects.


3. Cannabigerol (CBG):

  • Precursor Cannabinoid: CBG acts as a non-psychoactive precursor to major cannabinoids like THC and CBD during the cannabis plant's growth.

  • Anti-Inflammatory Power: Demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties, potentially beneficial for conditions like inflammatory bowel disease and arthritis.

  • Neuroprotective Potential: Shows promise as a neuroprotective agent, particularly in the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions like Huntington's disease.

4. Cannabinol (CBN):

  • Derived from THC: CBN is a byproduct of THC degradation over time due to exposure to light and air.

  • Mild Sedative Qualities: Associated with mild sedative effects, contributing to the potential sleep-inducing properties of certain cannabis strains.

  • Antibacterial Potential: Early research indicates potential antibacterial properties, specifically against MRSA bacteria, suggesting a possible role in alternative treatments for bacterial infections.


 

The Role of Terpenes

Terpenes are aromatic compounds found in various plants, not just cannabis. In cannabis, terpenes contribute to the distinct flavors and aromas of different strains, and they also play a crucial role in shaping the overall cannabis experience.


1. Myrcene:

- Found in hops, mangoes, and lemongrass, myrcene is known for its relaxing and sedative effects.

- Enhances the permeability of cell membranes, allowing cannabinoids like THC to be absorbed more effectively.

- Strains high in myrcene are often associated with a "couch-lock" sensation.


2. Limonene:

- Present in citrus fruits, limonene imparts a citrusy, lemon-like aroma.

- Known for its mood-enhancing and anti-anxiety properties.

- May have potential anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects.


3. Pinene:

- Found in pine needles, rosemary, and basil, pinene has a piney aroma.

- Offers anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator effects.

- Known for promoting alertness and memory retention.


4. Caryophyllene:

- Present in black pepper, cloves, and cinnamon, caryophyllene has a spicy, peppery scent.

- Interacts with CB2 receptors in the endocannabinoid system, providing anti-inflammatory effects.

- May have potential in treating anxiety and depression.


 

The Entourage Effect

The entourage effect is a phenomenon where cannabinoids and terpenes work synergistically, enhancing or modifying each other's effects when consumed together. This cooperative interaction results in a more comprehensive and nuanced experience for the user.


1. Cannabinoid-Terpenoid Interactions:

- Different cannabinoids and terpenes may amplify or mitigate each other's effects.

- For example, myrcene's sedative properties can enhance the relaxing effects of THC.


2. Therapeutic Potential:

- The entourage effect extends beyond the recreational experience to therapeutic applications.

- Research suggests that whole-plant extracts with a diverse cannabinoid and terpene profile may have more profound therapeutic effects than isolated compounds.


3. Tailoring the Experience:

- Understanding the entourage effect allows users to tailor their cannabis experience by selecting strains with specific cannabinoid and terpene profiles.

- For example, a combination of CBD and limonene-rich strains might offer a balanced and uplifting experience.



Lab worker with cannabis

When it's all said and done, in unraveling the science behind cannabis, we discover a symphony of compounds working in harmony to create the plant's unique effects. Cannabinoids like THC, CBD, CBG, and CBN, coupled with the diverse array of terpenes, contribute to the rich tapestry of experiences users encounter. The entourage effect reminds us of the importance of embracing the whole-plant approach for both recreational enjoyment and therapeutic benefits. As we continue to explore the complexities of cannabis, a deeper understanding of cannabinoids and terpenes opens the door to a more nuanced and personalized relationship with this remarkable plant.


If this topic interests you and you want to discover more, please contact us on how SEED Initiative can help you start your journey into science and cannabis with a discount at AAPS and many of our other educational partners.

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